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Research
Heat stress and active travel, an eight-year national analysis in The Netherlands
Maarten Hogeweij, Coen Bongers, Kevin Raaphorst, Huub Ploegmakers · 2026 · Netherlands
This nationwide Dutch study investigates how heat stress affects walking and cycling behaviour using travel survey data from 178,247 respondents across eight summers (2016–2023). It examines how thermal conditions influence both the decision to travel and the duration of active travel, distinguishing between commuting and recreational journeys. The findings reveal that walking and cycling generally increase with warmer conditions but decline once heat stress becomes severe, particularly for recreational trips. Work-related active travel is less responsive to heat, suggesting that commuters may have fewer opportunities to adapt their travel behaviour. The study also explores whether urban tree canopy cover mitigates the negative effects of heat, finding limited and inconsistent evidence. The results highlight the importance of heat-resilient urban design and policies that support safe, accessible walking and cycling during increasingly frequent hot weather.
- Data & Monitoring
- Behaviour & Mobility Management
Dataset
Kolada – Swedish Municipal and Regional Database
Rådet för främjande av kommunala analyser (RKA) · 2026 · Sweden
Kolada is Sweden's national database for municipal and regional performance indicators, maintained by the Council for the Promotion of Municipal Analyses (RKA), an organisation established by the Swedish government and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SKR). The database provides extensive comparative data on municipal finances, service costs, operational performance, quality and citizen satisfaction. Users can explore indicators across municipalities, compare trends over time and download data for further analysis. For year-round active mobility and winter maintenance, Kolada includes indicators related to winter maintenance expenditure for cycling infrastructure and roads, as well as residents' satisfaction with snow clearance services. The database offers opportunities to examine differences between municipalities, investigate relationships between maintenance spending and perceived service quality, and support evidence-based planning and decision-making. Kolada is particularly valuable as an example of a nationwide municipal benchmarking system. However, differences in reporting practices, local conditions and data availability should be considered when interpreting comparisons.
- Maintenance & Operations
Dataset
Quebec - Cycling All Year Round Data Resource,
Vélo Québec, Observatoire du vélo · 2026
An evidence-based overview of year-round cycling in Québec, exploring seasonal cycling patterns, winter cycling participation, safety, infrastructure and winter maintenance. It combines cycling statistics and research findings to explain how protected, well-maintained cycling networks can support active mobility throughout the year.
- Maintenance & Operations
- Data & Monitoring
- Behaviour & Mobility Management
- Health, Safety & Wellbeing
Research
Revealing the impact of weather on changes in individual-level habitual cycling frequencies using a Bayesian framework
Yangqian Cai, Mads Paulsen · 2026 · Switzerland
This study uses longitudinal GPS data from 698 cyclists in Switzerland to investigate how weather conditions influence changes in habitual cycling frequency. Using Bayesian changepoint detection, it identifies the effects of snowfall, precipitation and temperature, while highlighting differences associated with e-bike ownership and cycling experience.
- Data & Monitoring
- Behaviour & Mobility Management
Dataset
Dutch National Cycling Winter Maintenance Routes Dataset
Fietsersbond; Rijkswaterstaat · 2025 · Netherlands
An open national geospatial dataset identifying cycling routes designated for winter gritting and snow or ice treatment across the Netherlands. Compiled using Fietsersbond cycling network data and linked to the Dutch National Road Database (NWB), it enables municipalities, researchers and developers to map winter maintenance coverage, analyse network continuity and identify potential service gaps. The data is available in GIS-compatible formats, including CSV, GeoPackage and Shapefile. It describes designated treatment routes rather than verified real-time road conditions
- Maintenance & Operations
- Data & Monitoring
Research
A Study of the Relationship between Human Behavior and Urban Design during the Winter in a High-Snowfall Urban Area
Norihiro Watanabe, Tsuyoshi Setoguchi · 2024 · Japan
This field-based study investigates how winter conditions influence pedestrian movement and staying behaviour in an urban public square in Sapporo, Japan. Observations at AKAPLA Plaza reveal that pedestrian volumes decline as temperatures fall, while the proportion of people engaging in stationary activities does not necessarily decrease. The researchers identify three complementary winter design principles: PATH, providing accessible routes with reduced snow cover; STORAGE, retaining selected snow-covered areas for activities such as photography and snow play; and APPROACH, creating access to snow-covered areas to encourage people to spend time outdoors. The findings demonstrate how snow management and spatial design can jointly support the use of public spaces during winter, offering practical concepts for climate-responsive public space planning in cold and snowy cities.
- Planning & Design
- Data & Monitoring
- Health, Safety & Wellbeing
Guideline
Design Manual for Cycle-Friendly Infrastructure, Copenhagen
City of Copenhagen, Technical and Environmental Administration · 2024 · Denmark
This municipal design manual establishes Copenhagen's standards for cycle-friendly streets, intersections and infrastructure. It provides technical guidance on cycle track widths, cycling streets, junction design, accessibility and integration with other transport infrastructure. Particularly relevant to year-round active mobility, the manual requires winter maintenance and cleaning operations to be considered during infrastructure design, including minimum clearances for maintenance vehicles and the use of durable materials. It defines winter maintenance service levels, with cycle tracks generally receiving priority service level A, covering snow clearance and anti-icing throughout the day and night. The manual offers a practical example of integrating cycling infrastructure design with operational requirements to ensure reliable everyday mobility across seasons.
- Planning & Design
- Maintenance & Operations
- Policy, Strategy & Governance
Report
Winter Cyclist profile survey
Timo Perälä · 2024 · Finland
The Winter Cyclist Profile Survey was conducted in Finland in 2024-2025 and received 1700 answers from 92 Finnish municipalities. The primary goal of this survey was to gather detailed insights from people who bike year-round to better understand their habits, motivations, health benefits, and the challenges they face, with the ultimate objective of promoting active winter mobility and improving infrastructure.
- Maintenance & Operations
- Data & Monitoring
- Behaviour & Mobility Management
- Health, Safety & Wellbeing
ResearchCase study
Assessing bicycle crash risks controlling for detailed exposure: A Copenhagen case study
Marcus Skyum Myhrmann, Stefan Eriksen Mabi · 2023 · Denmark
This study examines how weather conditions, visibility and time of day influence bicycle crash risk in Greater Copenhagen, using 4,877 police-reported crashes from 2017–2020 combined with detailed bicycle traffic exposure data. By accounting for cycling volumes through a Palm distribution-based statistical approach, the researchers identify conditions associated with elevated crash risk rather than relying on crash counts alone. The findings indicate increased relative risks at temperatures below 0°C and above 21°C, during poor visibility, and particularly when precipitation coincides with freezing conditions. Increased risks are also associated with morning and afternoon peak periods. The study provides valuable evidence for weather-sensitive cycling safety assessment and supports the development of targeted infrastructure, maintenance and preventive measures to improve year-round cycling safety
- Maintenance & Operations
- Data & Monitoring
- Health, Safety & Wellbeing
ToolkitMethod
Cost-Benefit Calculator for Walking and Cycling Infrastructure Maintenance
Transportøkonomisk institutt (TØI), commissioned by Statens vegvesen · 2022
A web-based cost-benefit calculator developed by the Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) to evaluate maintenance improvements for walking and cycling infrastructure, including winter maintenance, lighting, pavement quality and cleaning. It estimates economic benefits related to travel time, comfort, safety, health and environmental impacts, supporting evidence-based maintenance investments and prioritisation.
- Maintenance & Operations
- Data & Monitoring

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