Cold stress mitigation by urban trees: Computational fluid dynamics analysis of deciduous and evergreen effects in winter environments

Summary

This peer-reviewed study investigates how urban tree species, height and placement influence pedestrian-level cold stress during winter in Daegu, South Korea. Using a validated computational fluid dynamics model coupled with solar radiation modelling, the researchers compared deciduous and evergreen tree-planting scenarios and assessed their effects using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Wind speed was the dominant factor affecting winter thermal comfort. Tall evergreen trees reduced cold stress in exposed and windy urban corridors, while their shading could worsen conditions in sheltered areas by limiting winter solar radiation. The findings provide practical guidance for climate-responsive street design, demonstrating that winter tree-planting strategies should balance wind protection with access to sunlight rather than applying uniform greening solutions.

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